Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1504 Words

Legalization of Same Sex Marriage in The USA In The USA, there have been many movements supporting same sex marriage, in where some states legalized same sex marriage but there are still some states that have not or even have banned same sex marriage. Every human has the right to love, in this case, marriage is a privilege that everyone should have, the freedom of choosing a partner in their life; therefore the equality of human rights has to be more reinforced and same sex marriage must be legalized in every state in The USA. (add essay map) SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN THE US According to the National Conderence of State Legislatures, same-sex marriage law was first brought up for discussion in 1993. The Hawaii Supreme Court was the one who ruled out the laws denying same-sex couples the right to marry and this violates the state of Hawaii constitutional equal protection rights (Article I, Section 5) against gender discrimination. 32 states (including Hawaii) adopted statutory language of law defining that marriage is a relationship between a man and a woman. Alaska and Nebraska both adopted the defenition and was the nation’s first constitutional provision limiting the relationship of same-sex couples and prohibiting same-sex marriage. As a result, 40 states had constitutional provisions limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples by the end of 2000. EQUALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS Since over 200 years ago, the establishment of the United States human rights was founded. UniversalShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitateRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LG BTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage2317 Words   |  10 PagesCavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movementRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before maki ng the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marry

The Effects of the Union on the United States Postal Service

The effects of the union on the United States Postal Service Brittney Horton University of Phoenix HRM 531 April 09, 2012 Alesha Alstoft Abstract The United States Postal Service is one of the nations most thriving companies. It has over 600,000+ employees and is the second largest civilian employer in the United States. (DeHaven, 2010). While it is one of the countries most thriving businesses it is not void of faults. To prevent the employees from being mistreated, most post office branches create unions. The unions not only protect those who take advantage of the membership but the other employees of the United States Postal Service (USPS) as well. This paper maps out the many benefits to being in the American†¦show more content†¦At the point that the certain branch of the USPS’s union is certified the employer, the federal government, would then be legally required to negotiate with the union, in good faith, a legally binding contract covering all of the aspects of employment. (Office Professional Employees International Union, 2011) Like anything, with time comes changes and at some point employees might feel as if the contract they have should be amended and at that point the negotiation process starts. The APWU would, at this point, begin the negotiation process. To start the union would create a Contract Action Committee (CAC) filled with active members. The CAC would then gather key information about things the members want to amend and plan a contract campaign. This campaign should be created with the intent to apply pressure to the employer. Once the campaign has started a bargaining team should be formed and trained. This team will work close with the CAC and negotiate the contract with the employer. The team will gather information from the union members and begin to lay negotiation round rules to schedule out the location and time of negations. They will also arrange leave for the union negotiators. After the guidelines have been set the next step in the negotiation process is to form a strategy. In this process, the bargaining team should describe the planned proposal, explain how it works, describe the problem that isShow MoreRelatedLaws Affecting The Agency Of The United States Postal Service1485 Words   |  6 PagesLaws Affecting The Agency When it comes to The United States Postal Service, I did not think they would have many court cases, especially dealing with diversity and mistreatment in the workplace. During my research, however, I was proven wrong. The Postal Service has had quite a few court cases, while many of them relate to ethical and discriminatory issues. Individuals have felt that the Postal Service sometimes judge applicants or workers by their lifestyle or ethnicity. This in turn shows badRead MorePad 530 Dq1-2 Week 1-21473 Words   |  6 PagesPad 530 Week 1 dq1 Public Human Resource Management  Ã‚  Please respond to the following: * Analyze the topics discussed in Chapter 1, with the exception of the laws. Select two topics and discuss two positive effects and two challenges the topic poses for human resource departments in the public sector.   Performance Managementfor human resource departments it is important; to utilize the skills, focus and provide incentives for employees that are based on performance to achieve the organization’sRead MoreMail Troubles of the Civil War1100 Words   |  5 Pagesdisconnected the seceded states from the mail service (Burke). Confederate postage was then no longer accepted by the Northern postal services, and if received was to be forwarded to the Dead Letter Office to be returned to senders (Nation Divided). To overcome this issue, the southern states created their own postal service. John H. Reagan became their postmaster general and changed 8,535 of the United States’ 28,586 post offices to confederate leadership (Confederate Postal System). He tried toRead MoreThe Postal System During The 19th Century1798 Words   |  8 PagesThe postal system played a crucial role in national expansion. It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive, fast, conveni ent communication system. Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West, helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance, assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities, and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers andRead MorePrivatisation of the Royal Mail5184 Words   |  21 Pages  provider   of   postal   services   in   the   United   Kingdom   and    one   of   the   largest   postal   service   providers   in   the   world.   This   paper   analyzes   the    recent    move    of    the    British    Government    to    privatize    the    Royal    Mail.    It    looks    at    various    aspects    leading    up    to    the    privatization    and    the    effect    that    privatizationRead MoreThe United States Postal Service: At the Brink of Insolvency8559 Words   |  35 PagesThe United States Postal Service: At the Brink of Insolvency Business 510 – Managerial Economics Final Project Submission February 25, 2012 Executive Summary this report takes a look at the United States Postal Service financial problems, which brought it to the brink of insolvency, after losing more than $25B in the last 5 years. It analyzes factors and performance and postulates corrective actions to bring USPS back to financial solvency. Both microeconomic and macroeconomic factorsRead More anthrax Essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagesallies (Israel, Egypt, South Africa, South Korea). More than 40 germ banks in the United States and around the world supply anthrax for scientific research. Has anthrax been used as a weapon before? Yes. Germany tried halfheartedly to use it during World War I. During World War II, most warring parties had biowarfare programs; Japan used anthrax in China. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union set up large biowarfare programs. President Nixon banned the production and useRead MoreThe United States Postal Service2319 Words   |  10 PagesStephanie Becker Mrs. Galaviz English 12 March 3, 2015 The United States Postal Service â€Å"Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.† These words were scripted on the wall of one of the very first post offices in the United States. And, in the past, those very words rang true, starting with the very first man who inquired to the British about a postal service. The Pony Express was soon to follow. Many brave, young menRead More Competition Laws or Antitrust Laws Essay844 Words   |  4 Pages Competition laws or antitrust laws are to assure that all consumers that they have the opportunity to pay the lowest price added to with a higher quality of products and services they are utilizing. â€Å"Using dominant industry power to secure favorable product prices from buyers, even though such prices are unavailable to weaker companies in the same industry, is generally a violation of antitrust laws† (SBA GOV2011).Currently competition laws enables every single person to do bus iness in the marketRead MoreThe Vietnam War : A Close Family Friend Of Mine, By The Name Of Federico1527 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision to join the United States Air Force, at the age of twenty one. He began his service to the Air Force on June 8th, 1970 until January 1993, a total of twenty three years, although the Vietnam War lasted five years until 1975 while he was in service. After the Air Force, Fred joined the United States Postal Service for years until he retired. The Vietnam War influenced Fred in positive and negative ways, which have shaped him into the person he is today. The United States first became involved

Service Marketing of Woolworths Limited - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theService Marketing of Woolworths Limited. Answer: Introduction According to Kotler et al. (2015), the success of any business depends on the formulation of proper marketing strategy and the implementation of them as well. The marketing mix is a very important aspect in the marketing strategy which includes the 4- Ps of marketing i.e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Service Marketing Mix is a little extension of the marketing mix. Service Marketing Mix refers to the 7-Ps of marketing. It includes the 4-Ps of the marketing mix and three additional Ps i.e. People, Process and Physical Evidence. Service marketing mix strategies refer to the strategies regarding the service provided by the businesses (Lovelock and Patterson 2015). This report is about the evaluation of the service marketing strategies of the Australian retail company, Woolworths Limited. This is the second largest company in Australia by revenue earned. The company was situated in the year of 1924. The company is headquartered at New South Wales, Australia. Woolworths has various types of business operations which include retail supermarkets, liquor, hotels, etc. (www.woolworthslimited.com.au 2016). The primary aim of the study is to explain the service marketing strategies of Woolworths Limited. The first part of the study evaluates the service marketing mixs 7-Ps about the business of the company. The analysis leads to the recognition of the areas which needs improvement. Based on the above part, certain recommendations have been suggested to create a better service. At last, a conclusion has been drawn based on the total study. Analysis of the Marketing Mix of Woolworths As Woolworths is the second largest retail company in Australia by its revenue nature, it must include the supermarket segmentation in the country. The marketing mix of Woolworths Company has been considered the establishment for a new appearance of development and opportunity. It refers to a set of action which the company is using for the promotion of its brand or product services in the market. There is a 7 P's concept in marketing mix which describes the total strategic growth of the company such as price, product, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. These concepts represent the whole strategic system of the company in an appropriate way of service marketing. (Huang and Sarigll 2014). Price can define as the value of any product which depends on the cost of production and target segmentation of the company. To enhance the market value of a product and to find the exact position of the product in the market the price strategy must use. It is also helpful in differentiation of the product. Woolworths compares its products price with the other company to provide better resources to the customers. There is a technique of the company that if the price of the goods is more in the market, the company reduces the supply of the product. On the other hand, if the price of the product is less, the company increases the supply of that product. It so happens because of competition in the market segmentation. It is the first basic strategy of a marketing mix with which the company can measure the performance to itself in the market (Mintz and Currim 2013). The product can define as the goods and services produced by the company for sale in the market. To get development in Woolworths, the company's product must be genuine and satisfy the needs of the people. Woolworths is producing different types of product in the market such as clothing, food, homeware and Woolworths financial services. All its products are different in nature. In clothing material, Woolworths produces men, women and also children wear, kids wear and footwear. The company is also creating beauty products for girls. In the sense of homeware, Woolworths is creating accessories and home furnishing products which include kitchen, bathroom and also furniture product for home furnishing. Whereas, in financial service of Woolworths it has three offers variety benefits cards in the company the financial service also provides two types of loan that is revolving and fixed term loan for the personal use. The company maintains the low productivity cost in the market (Al-Debi and Ashraf 2014). The place can define as an exact selling point in the market. A good place considers a good marketing strategy. Location determination is a vital aspect in the market to sell products as per people availability. The company wants to be aware with the consumer and produces goods as per consumer availability. Some customers also pay money as a premium for the certain product location in the market. If the company is not build up in a certain place, the product of the company cannot be sold in great quantity. For this, in the marketing mix of Woolworths Company the place as a 7 Ps is very much needed (Roach and Jiratchot 2015). Promotion is one of the main ingredients of marketing mix strategy of Woolworths. It helps to make the best performance of the company in the market. The company makes promotions for its products in the market it might be via advertisement, PR, sales promotion, social media and other promotional tools. Through these promotions, the company gets more customers for its products. If there is perfect competition, the company must follow the guideline to promote their business in the market. The company makes these promotions get the actual customers who have the interest to buy its products (Gordon 2012). People are the main ingredient of the company In the 7 Ps marketing mix of Woolworths because if people are not interested in buying the product, the company may suffer from losses. It is necessary to have certain customers to purchase the product of the company. If people buy more products, it will be beneficial for the company and if not, the company will not grow up consistently. The company is entirely dependable on people because it produces goods for the customers (Aghaie and Vahedi 2014). Process refers to the product and service delivered by the company. It means the company delivers the products by a different process. Today is the era of online shopping and this method is applied to the Woolworths Company also. If people order the products online, the company delivered the products through a different online process. If customers want the product at various places, the company must have a different guideline to deliver the product to the customers. Some customers may have a different delivery requirement about the product, so the company has different process for that customer (Huang and Sarigll 2014). Physical evidence must be available in the service marketing mix of Woolworths. The company has some physical evidence in its products. When customers buy some products from the company, there must be some evidence which means the company gives a physical proof to the customers like a hard bill or any digital PDF proof. According to Khan 2014, physical evidence is a major marketing mix of the Woolworths because the products are not tangible in nature and for the creation of better relation with the customers the company sales some tangible goods also. Physical evidence may be used as discrimination in the service marketing mix of Woolworths (Khan 2014). Key Areas for Service Improvement: Woolworths in present times has acquired much negative light, especially on the ethical grounds. From the issue of the Child labor and wage scandal to the quality of the food, Woolworth has lost much of their goodwill and impression, which has resulted in a downing of their net profit as well. Woolworths has faced a loss of 1.2 billion dollar in food, petrol and other quality products (ABC News 2016). Therefore, in present times, it has become important on the part of the organization to identify the key areas to make improvements not only to amend their relation with the customer but also as a corporate organization it is important to be subjected to a repeated change, to keep up with the expectations. Improvements must be from a holistic approach and not only to the problem areas (). The key areas useful as well as the strong points of the Corporation from where they can make a comeback in the business map. The followings are some of the areas: Product: One of Woolworths strongest points to retain their customer base has been their food and liquor products. Therefore, products might be a strong point to start their improvements with. Products serve to be the greatest and most important point in a business or precisely in order to improve a business. A good product counts to be one that is widely used as well as recommended as well to the friends by the customers (Baker and Saren 2016). Woolworths already has several facilities and entertainment options as marketing cards or value cards regarding their food and grocery items, and the customers has accepted them well (ABC News 2016). Therefore, on the part of the corporation, food products can be the strongest point to bring on the improvements. Place: Woolworths need to improve the availability of their products. Indeed the corporation has their own online retail store, but it will be helpful to improve the physical availability of their products especially petrol and beverages since they count to be the popular products of the organization (ABC News 2016). Especially for the online market, improvement in the prices are needed for the corporation has faced negative criticism in the prices and discrepancy between in store and online prices. Price: Price can be another important point to implement the improvements as well as to attract the customers towards them. Woolworths already has several discount options and a comparatively low price rate than average market value (Cameron 2015). However, improvement in the prices is needed for the negative impacts Woolworths presently has invited upon themselves. To eradicate or at least mild the wages issues and slavery issue from the customers as well as the people, it will be necessary for the corporation to create a strong base. Moreover, the online prices of same products are expensive when compared with the in store prices. However nominal the charges but counts to be a hefty amount when calculated together. This issue the company needs to resolve and improve the online prices as well (Wells 2013). Promotion: Woolworths had earlier taken up several PR and marketing strategies as well to increase their customer base. In present situation, there is a need to improve and revive the promotional strategies (Cameron 2015). Most importantly, in present times with the faltered business for the negative criticism of several issues, the company has received increasing business threats from Coles and Aldi. Nevertheless, the other two companies have also faced severe criticism for the child labor and slavery scandal (ABC News 2016). Since Woolworths is the worst sufferer they are in urgent need in present times to improve and restart their promotional strategies and tend to be more inclined towards serving the customers (Bryman and Bell 2015). People: On the part of Woolworths, it is most important at this hour to improve the conduct and the treatment of the employees towards their customers. It is important in recent times that Woolworths receive as many customers as possible (Bryman and Bell 2015). Previously Woolworths had received negative criticism from the customers for the behavior and treatment of the employees in the stores itself and the arrogance of the higher authorities. In present times, such complaints and grievances must be avoided on the part of the authorities to improve their relationship with the customers whether old or new (ABC News 2016). At the same time improvements must be done while employing the people as well for attending the customers. Improvements are needed n the codes of conduct of the employees. Process: Processes are another key area that needs improvement in the conduct of Woolworths. Since the organization has already faced serious criticism regarding their ethical conduct and at the same time is facing loss in the marketing and revenue segment the processes must be renewed to prevent stagnation as well as criticism. At the same the transparency between the corporation and the suppliers must be improved (Flax, Bick and Abratt 2016). The organization has faced criticism from the part of the suppliers for sending them bills of wrong amount. The bills are dated 10 years back for which Woolworths cannot provide satisfactory reasons. Therefore, while making improvements the corporation must improve their communication and relation with the suppliers and the customers. Suggestions Recommendations Based on the above analysis on service marketing strategies of Woolworths, it can be seen that there are certain areas which need to be improved. The suggestions and recommendations are given below: The quality of some products is not good. Sometimes Woolworths has to face problems regarding the quality of the foods. There are some instances where the company has failed to provide fresh foods to the customers. For example, the bread issue which created a lot of chaos in the company. Hence, it is recommended that the company should take care of the foods they are supplying. The price is another issue. Although the price of the products is fair, to attract more customers, Woolworths should include new discount offers as discounts are always a major tool to attract the customers. It will help to enhance the customer base of the company. One of the major issues in Woolworths is the labor issue. There are instances where the company has used children as labor and also gave them a very low wage. By seeing the growing concern about the child labor in the world, this is a very crucial issue. Thus, it is recommended that the company should not use child labor as the work force. There is a scope that the company can improve the promotional strategy to reach to more people. Hence, it is recommended the company can introduce more public relation strategies to increase the potential customer base. Conclusion Service marketing strategies are an integral part of business, rather the 7-Ps of service marketing mix can be called the seven pillars of marketing as the success of an organization mostly depends on these strategies. Proper implementation of marketing strategies leads to the maximization of profit by increasing the revenues. These strategies also help to increase the customer base and help the companies to reach to a maximum number of people. Thats why it is necessary to have effective marketing strategies for every organization. After studying the service marketing strategies of Woolworths Limited, it can be recognized that the overall service marketing mix strategies of the company are very well-structured. This is one of the best supermarket chains in Australia. However, there are some problem areas in the marketing strategies which need to be addressed. But by the well-defined marketing strategies of the company, it is not a tough job for Woolworths to overcome those issues. Thus, it can be concluded that with the help of proper marketing strategies companies can quickly overcome the loopholes in their operation. And also effective service marketing strategies are the key to getting the organizational success. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E., 2013. Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy| Ventura,16(1), pp.27-46. Al-Debi, H. and Ashraf, M., 2014. The Impact of Services Marketing Mix 7PS in Competitive Advantage to Five stars Hotel-Case Study Amman, Jordan. InThe Clute Institute International Academic Conference Orlando, Florida, USA(pp. 39-48). Luo, A., Roach, S. and Jiratchot, C., 2015. The effect of the 7Ps of the marketing mix on air freight customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Jin, N., Kim, J. and Kim, K.H., 2015, June. THE SERVICE MARKETING MIX EFFECT ON CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE AND CUSTOMER EQUITY IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY. In2015 Global Fashion Management Conference at Florence(pp. 838-844). Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to the market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Gordon, R., 2012. Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.122-126. Aghaie, M., Vahedi, E., Asadollahi, A. and Safari-Kahreh, M., 2014. An empirical Investigating to Effects of services Marketing mix on Brand Dimensions in Order to enhance brand Equity in the Tehrans Chain Stores.Research Journal of Recent Sciences ISSN,2277, p.2502. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International Journal of Information, Business and Management,6(2), p.95. ABC News. (2016).Woolworths posts $1.2b loss; food, petrol sales slump. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-25/woolworths-results/7783378 [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016.Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cameron, N. (2015).Woolworths details 3-year strategy to become customer centric. [online]Cmo.com.au. Available at: https://www.cmo.com.au/article/574302/woolworths-details-3-year-strategy-become-customer-centric/ [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Flax, J., Bick, G. and Abratt, R., 2016. The perceptions of supplier-buyer relations and its affect on the corporate brand.Journal of Brand Management,23(1), pp.22-37. Wells, R. (2013).Supermarkets charge more to buy online. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/national/supermarkets-charge-more-to-buy-online-20130819-2s636.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Woolworthslimited.com.au. (2016).Who We Are - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/ [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Lovelock, C. and Patterson, P., 2015.Services marketing. Pearson Australia.

Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm Essay Example

Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm Essay Probation may be defined as a service unit that deals with the carrying out of punishments that may be efficient and cost-effective, cheap and non-custodial for a criminal offender.   The crimes committed by these offenders however may not fit for the required imposition of custodial options that are more expensive and of higher level.   Probation can also be viewed as a sentencing disposition in which it mostly deals with offenders who are specifically selected and the costs that apply to suspension when the offender is under close individual monitoring while being given individual guidance (Vanstone, 2004 p. 32-35).   Due to the limited rights issued to offenders available in the probation service, it is able to acquire a high status. It is also a system which may be public or private that plays the role of administering certain services that should be delivered hence considering as a subsystem of the wider criminal system. Probation also incorporates quite a number of operat ional activities that includes supervisory services as well as investigatory services. Therefore, probation deals with socio-pedagogic position which consists of assistance and supervision services which also applies a ‘no free’ system to criminal offenders who have been identified according to their personality as regards crime, form of crime as well as their receptiveness. This is in relation to a specific system which should be able to provide the criminal offender a second chance of changing the way they perceive life in the society and also enable them to occupy a position of posing any risk of violating the existing accepted social norms of the society (Mair, 2004 p. 57-64). As a custodian of alternative measure, probation should spell out clearly defined regulation rules and acts, the right criteria that will be applied in the identification of individuals to be placed under probation based on the nature of the crime committed, their age and other exclusionary criteria that include responsibilities and concomitant rights of the probationer. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed by Practitioners in the Probation Service to Work with Offenders who present a high risk of harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The probation officers or practitioners on the other hand have mainly been associated with the responsibility of reforming, remolding, restructuring and remaking the offenders’ lives so that they can become honest, law-abiding and good citizens. This process of transforming offenders takes place under various programs, rules and regulations that are available at various probation service centers available in different countries. All these aimed at benefiting both the criminal offenders and the society at large and it is also aimed at reducing the number of crimes that are often committed in these communities. Therefore, these probation practitioners play the vital role of bringing peace and harmony in the community as well as to the lives of the criminal offenders hence leading to a stable and peaceful working and living environment among the people of a country (Winstone Pokes, 2005 p. 19-24). The main role that probation plays is the reduction of the effect of crime and incidences that are committed in the community by probationers.   It also offers service such as investigations and reports to the court, development of the appropriate dispositions for the court that deals with adult offenders as well as juvenile delinquents and the supervision of the people under probation. Knowledge The department of probation also offers a wide range of services that is not limited but involves prevention of delinquency as well as crime.   Internal programs that are voluntary and programs for victim restitution. The probation service in addition has a mission that aims at protecting the interest of the public and safety through the reduction of crime and incidences by probationers.   This is mainly achieved through assistance in decision making made by courts by offering a probation report as well as reinforcing orders made by the court.   This is also done through the provision of essential services that will be able to transform the criminal offenders into law-abiding citizens, cooperating and establishing activities and programs that will help in the prevention of delinquency and crime and lastly enhancement of individualized and fair justice by the administration as regards the criminal offenders. Skills There are various beliefs upon which probation is premised upon.   The first belief is that society has got all the rights to be protected against any harm that may be caused and it does not matter whatever the causes for such harm.   Every citizen according to this belief has the right to be out of fear of harm that may be committed against them or their property hence this belief calls for the necessitation of law and order and this calls for the commitment in supporting this responsibility.   It is the probation facility that accepts to handle this responsibility in that it regards itself as a tool that necessitates the treatment and control to a portion of criminal offenders.   The stability and strength of its efforts is however derived from the law. The other belief is that the offenders deserve the right of protection and this applies freedom and democracy that enables the individualized and fair law processing as regards the sentencing and adjudication of offenders.   The victims of crime have also get the right to be protected.   Probation in its humanitarian tradition advances that it is the criminal justice system that is solely faced with the responsibilities of persecuting the offenders.   In case of the occurrence of a crime, the victims may encounter emotional problems and property loss.   Hence, it is the probation that is faced with the responsibility of advocating for the interests and needs of these victims who have been faced with crime. Another belief is that human beings can change.   It is the belief that human beings are capable of change that mostly make the probation practitioners to be fully committed integrating of the criminal offenders into wider society so that they can be able to   lead their lives according to the acceptable norms.   The acceptance and recognition of the principle of personal responsibility forms the basis for the change of behaviour that is constructive.   This is done by offering probation services which focus on the identification and availing programs and services that will provide an opportunity for the offenders to become law-abiding and responsible citizens. The other belief is that the ability and willingness to benefit from the alternative programs or measures that are designed to lead to law-abiding citizens vary from one individual to another and this is recognized by probation officers or practitioners.   The individual experience and history are the means that are used to access the present offense as well as the degree of risk that is posed to the community including the potential level of change that an individual displays.   In order to protect society and promote behaviours abiding by the law, the intervention that is conducted into the life of an individual should be at the minimum which means that it should be upto the level which is necessary.   The criminal justice system should however be terminated in cases whereby the intervention is appears to be unwarranted.   In cases whereby the intervention is directed to a separate agency which could be outside the system, this then requires that the offender should be dire cted to that other agency. In addition the law philosophy concerning probation does not approve of the ideology of retributive punishment.   This is because the corrective measure of punishment is used and supported   only in   those instances whereby it is felt that the aversive measures could possible cater the behaviour of the offenders positively whereas other measures may not do so.   However, these corrective punishments need to be applied judiciously and  Ã‚   cautiously because of its unpredictable behaviour that is highly dynamic.   A community’s conditional sentence is also recognized as a punishment.   This is because it is less drastic as well as harsh as compared with a prison term.   However it is more punitive and controlling compared with release without supervision.  Ã‚   Concerning incarceration, it should only be imposed when necessary since it may be destructive to the society’s right to offenders who pose danger to public because they have rejected court or social mandates (Farrall, 2002 p. 45-52).   In emphasizing the impact of the criminal behaviour, the incarceration program could be regarded as an appropriate tool hence establishes a constructive behaviour change.   It is therefore essential that institutions adhere to the required standards and they should also be humane.   Lastly, community correctional programs should be in a position to best serve the community in cases whereby there is lack of compromise concerning the public safety.   It is also essential that majority of the offenders be provided with services that are within the community whereby they will be expected to clearly demonstrate their acceptable behaviors (Rush, 2001 p. 46-49). Theory Since community correctional programs are generally cost – effective, they enable criminal offenders to stay in touch with their families while at the same time pay taxes and also reinstitution of offenders, comprehending the issue that concerns justice for the wrong doing by criminal offenders and at the same time placing these offenders within the social context to enable them fit within the society.   Probation practitioners are also charged with the responsibility of providing necessary information to the courts and this is done on the client’s best interest and also issues the court with information, recommendations and assistance which relates to the attitude change, rehabilitation as well as behavioural change.   This is done with the aim of assisting the courts in decisions concerning sentencing and any review that needs to be made (Nandi Bogue 2003 p. 56-64). High-risk offenders on the other hand are those people in the community who present potential harm to the public at a high degree.   They are potentially capable or may have committed offenses such as violent offenses as well as sexual harassment or offence.   Some of these risk- offenders may have in the past committed an offence and are again capable of doing it against whereas others pose a threat to the public Dillingham, Montgomery Tabor 1990 p. 56-60). Research The high-risk offenders are quite a complex and difficult group to handle since they poses a wide range of behaviours that include offenses hence controlling and monitoring them sufficiently becomes difficult and this also includes enforcing the legal restrictions that are placed on them by the probation service.   These high-risk offenders that are placed on probation committed all sorts of offenses  Ã‚   ranging from murder to sexual harassment and violence.   They are dangerous to the entire public and hence they need certain corrective measures that could be helpful in order to assist them be part and parcel of the social system hence abiding by the societal norms and laws.   Probation institutions have in the part applied a range of structural and technological methods to be able to achieve the aim of monitoring and supervising criminal offenders who pose harm to the entire society.   This therefore calls for the probation centers to provide essential skills and resour ces to be able to address the problem emotional and social deficits that make them present harm to people (Berman and Bergman, 2006 p. 15-18). Probation practitioners in the probation service often face the risk of working with criminal offenders who present high risk of harm to them and the society.   Probation and parole officers often come across situations that concern personal danger and threat because of the increased numbers of violence, high-risk offenders and also those offenders that are sexually aggressive who most of the times live in  Ã‚  Ã‚   the most hostile   and dangerous neighbourhoods.   These practitioners also face dangerous weapons, gang-related crime as well as substance abuse by these criminal offenders (Clear, 1985 p. 45-51).   Various jurisdictions in the United States more so the federal system have increasingly played the role of allowing practitioners in the probation personnel defense sprays, firearms and impact weapons so as to prevent any harm or threat from these criminal offenders.   However, in various parts such as North America, such supplements for defense have not been made available to these practitioners although they have frequently been asking for them especially in the surveillance and supervision service ageneses have been advocating for various on-going training   as well as orientation programs that is linked to officer safety, awareness of threats, self-defense as well as programs that concern employee assistance that could effectively deal with issues concerning workplace safety and those other issues that relate to co-worker violence and harassment (McAnany    Fogel 2001p.14-28).   These criminal offenders present a wide range of risks and targets namely they could be sex offenders who have a long history of hostage taking, infatuation and forced confinement with the other officers who are of the opposite sex. They could also be mentally ill offenders who present harm and threat to the probation practitioners.   They could also be mentally ill offenders who present harm and threat to the probation practitioners.   These offenders may also be under the influence of drugs that alter the functioning their minds as well as alcohol.   In addition, these offenders may be under the threat of suspension, arrest or revocation (Cohen, Neil, 1999 p. 21-17). The clients and families of these probation officers could be experiencing a crisis of violence from these criminal offenders.   The most common risk   factors that are displayed by these criminal offenders include precious   behaviours that they demonstrate, alienation, deteriorating behaviour, threats as well as marital and employment situations, deteriorating mental condition which is accompanied by substance abuse (Burnett, 2000 p. 12-14). Probation practitioners therefore need essential skills that are necessary to prevent them from any necessary harm or threat that may be presented to them by the criminal offenders who pose a risk to their lives since they are in constant contact with them at their workplaces.   These practitioners, need to protect themselves and hence they need procedural safeguards that include logging in case records, policies and procedures that will be able to train these practitioners and security awareness, safety of the officers, self-defense and communication skills.   This therefore means that practitioners at the probation service need to be trained on both communication skills and other safety rules that concerns the handling of these offenders as well as safeguarding their daily lives at workplace.   The probation practitioners also need the skills that will enable them to develop security threats that concern â€Å"red of lags† (Branham, Lynn 1998, p.   54-56). Practitioners also need to inform other officers of their whereabouts by letting people to know where they intend to go and expected time of return.   This is helpful in dealing with any personal threats accompanied by assistance provided for enforcement of the law, temporary relocation and protection should be provided to these practitioners as well as debriefing of any critical incident stress.   The practitioners at the probation service also need to be trained on programs that entail victim assistance and employee assistance so that they are not in a position to be constantly involved in conflicts with these offenders while working with them.   In order to reduce threats some situational preventive measures as well as threat reduction services need to be applied (Colin, Burnett, 2004 p. 67-69). The officer needs to be careful with the way he communicates with the criminal offenders.   If the officer believes that offender poses a threat to them, they should not make any unaccompanied visits to the offender’s house for any interviews and if the interview has to go on, they should ensure that there is a high visibility of staff in such situations (Carlson Parks, 1979 p. 15-18). In conclusion, practitioners at the probation service need essential skills that will be of help to them when it comes to handling of issues that relate to criminal offenders who pose a great risk to them especially at work place.   They should be able to have training skills which is essential needed for improving their interpersonal offenders as a means of communication.   They also need to be trained so as to increase the self-effectiveness regarding their job and communication with these offenders. Management skills are also essential for these practitioners management also relates to the way the criminal offenders are handled.   Good management skills entails knowing the needs of both the officers and the criminal offenders so as there exists no conflict of interest.   Just like any other organizations worldwide, probation service centers needs to have rules and regulations that directs its daily activities as concerns the welfare of offenders among other things.   The organization needs to be accountable in all its activities so as to effectively manage the welfare of the society and those of the offenders (Beaumont, 1995 p.20-24). Leadership skills are also essential for probation officers.   Good leadership skills result to good management in the organization.   Probation service centers need to have good leaders so as to be able to reinforce the required rules and obligations hence achieving the objectives of the organization (Gibbs, 1997 p. 23-24). Conclusion Leadership skills are essentials since it helps to bring forth the offenders who are incapable of change by strictly reinforcing the required standards that are needed in handling them.  Ã‚   The above mentioned skills are very important in as far achieving an effective justice department is concerned. A good understanding of probationary knowledge is therefore an asset to staff serving in the profession.

Essay on Internet as the Trigger of Shifting from CopyRIGHT to CopyLEFTEssay Writing Service

Essay on Internet as the Trigger of Shifting from CopyRIGHT to CopyLEFTEssay Writing Service Essay on Internet as the Trigger of Shifting from CopyRIGHT to CopyLEFT Essay on Internet as the Trigger of Shifting from CopyRIGHT to CopyLEFTToday, the development of internet opens new opportunities for information sharing. At first glance, internet facilitates communication between people and opens wider opportunities for sharing information between people, regardless physical distance between them. On the other hand, the development of internet has raised the problem of the violation of the copyright and the unauthorized use of intellectual property, such as music, audio and video records and other items of the intellectual property.The development of internet opened new opportunities for people to communicate and share information using the full potential of internet as the global network. In this regard, the main problem that owners of intellectual property rights faced along with the development of internet became the problem of sharing files containing their intellectual property. For instance, authors of books and other print media could suffer from sharing their print works which have been digitalized and in electronic form shared between users via internet, while authors of those print works would receive nothing and, thus, suffer from financial losses caused by the free sharing of their intellectual property between users.However, singers and audio recording companies suffered probably the most significant losses because of the development of internet. Users have started to share music files via internet. As a result, one user could purchase a licensed CD, copy music files and share them online with millions of other users worldwide while singers and audio recording companies suffered from financial losses because millions of users received their products for nothing downloading them from free online resources due to other users, who shared those files. The similar problems faced film companies and other owners of audio and visual products which were shared online freely, while their owners suffered unparalleled financ ial losses.At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of Napster, a file-sharing service, which offered users an opportunity to share files for free. As a result, this online service became the major online service allowing sharing files for free. As a rule, users shared music, video files and other files which they wanted to share with other users. Naturally, the online service became extremely popular because the new service offered users an excellent opportunity to download their favourite music or film absolutely free and paying nothing, while, otherwise, they would have to purchase either licensed CDs or purchase the same music and video from online stores. In the course of the decade of its intensive development, Napster became one of the largest online services that became the major threat to copyright and intellectual property rights’ owners (Singing a Different Tune, 2009). More important, similar services have started to emerge raising the threat to intellec tual property rights owners and related businesses. Obviously, the development of free online file-sharing services became the threat to the music industry with the music records sales cut substantially since even Apples popular digital iTunes store is little more than a niche service: fully 95% of downloads are illegal, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), a trade groupIn responses to the emerging free sharing of information and files online, owners of intellectual property rights and large corporations have started to push on governments to protect their rights and prevent the risk of misusing of their products by users for free (Lessig, 2001). The main reason for the enhancement of the existing legislation to protect the copyright was financial losses of intellectual property rights owners (Singing a Different Tune, 2009).Governments have started to tighten and enhance regulations, copyright and intellectual property rights laws. The enfo rcement of the international Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) via legislation of SOPA and PIPA (Stop Online Piracy Act and the Protect IP Act) .In response to numerous threats and violations of intellectual property rights, legislators introduced the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), which provided that an Internet site is â€Å"dedicated to theft of U.S. property† if it â€Å"is marketed by its operator or another acting in concert with that operator for use in, offering goods or services in a manner that engages in, enables, or facilitates† copyright infringement (Carrier, 21).Another major legislative act that enhanced the copyright and intellectual property rights and their protection from online violations was the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), which was a treaty, conducted largely in secret, designed to â€Å"address the problem of infringement of intellectual property rights, including infringement taking place in the digital environment.â⠂¬  (Carrier, 23).In addition, the Protect IP Act (PIPA) enhanced the legislation providing attorney with an opportunity to make the IP service provider to deny users violating the copyright and intellectual property rights access to internet (Carrier, 22). As a result, the PIPA creates condition for the selective punishment of those users, who abuse the copyright and intellectual property rights intentionally and purposefully.In fact, such large scale struggle against the violation of copyright and intellectual property rights became global. Results of such a struggle became quite controversial. On the one hand, individuals and organizations, which promote and deliver file-sharing services, software and other tools which allow sharing files and potentially violate copyright and intellectual property rights, face the threat of the legal prosecution. At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of Richard O’Dwyer, the founder of the tvshack.net, the online service that allowed users to track and record TV programs online, including not only open and legal sources but also illegal ones (Ball, 3). In such a way, the product created by O’Dwyer allowed users to record TV programs illegally, violating copyright and intellectual property rights.In such a situation, the enhancement of the copyright and intellectual property rights laws contributed to the enhancement of the legal basis for the prosecution of individuals and organisations that share or create products or services that allow sharing information between users without respect to copyright and intellectual property rights.On the other hand, the enhancement of the copyright and intellectual property rights legislation raises the problem of the interference of government regulations into the basic rights, including the right to the freedom of press and speech. At any rate, internet provides users with an opportunity to share information freely, while existing regulations raise the problem of the limitation of users’ right and opportunity to share information online freely.In this regard, the enhancement of the copyright law on the pretext of the protection of intellectual property rights raises the problem of the interference of private interests into the public domain. To put it more precisely, Gaylor (2008) stands on the ground that internet is the public domain and people from all over the world should have an opportunity to share files and information online freely. Gaylor insists that people can use movies, songs, music and other products for their own creativity. They can make remixes to manifest their creativity and implement their own ideas. However, limitations imposed on sharing files and information online in terms of the existing legislation that aims at the enhancement of the copyright and intellectual property rights laws deprive people of an opportunity to exercise their creativity and use available products and information freely.At this point , it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the main debate today involves two different views on internet. In fact, the existing legislation is not just the matter of the protection of copyright and intellectual property rights but it is also and mainly the opposition between the average users, who are naturally interested in the free use and sharing of information online, and large corporations that attempt to protect their financial interests since their profits rely heavily on sales of their intellectual property. Gaylor and other proponents of the view on internet as the public domain that should allow users to share information freely hold the premise that legislators and private companies as well as individuals owning intellectual property rights should not regulate internet use. In such a way, they will interfere into public matters. In such a context, the ban of sharing information online is like the ban to share purchased products between people. For instance, the ban of sharing files and information online that potentially violates copyright and intellectual property rights is like the ban to individuals to pass their licensed CD to their friends to use files or information stored on the CD in the real world, i.e. physically but not online.Large corporations and intellectual property rights hold the totally different premise that internet is not exactly the public domain but the tool that is used by users to violate their copyright and intellectual property rights. Obviously, the position of owners of copyright and intellectual property rights is determined by their financial concerns because the free sharing of files and information online leads to their financial losses. At this point, it is worth reminding consistent financial losses of the music industry associated with Napster and other online services (Singing a Different Tune, 2009). Their financial losses became the major reason for their pressure on the government to prevent free f ile and information sharing online.Nevertheless, the idea of the free use of information available online and sharing files and information online without limitations becomes more and more popular that leads to the emergence of new online services and resources, where users can share files and information, although they still have to respect existing copyright and intellectual property rights laws. The enhancement of the movement for the free use of internet for file and information sharing contributes to the emergence of creative commons, which unite people, who use their own creativity to make products that may be interesting for other users and allow users to share those products online without imposing any limitations on the use of those products and their protection by the copyright or intellectual property rights (Lessig, 2001). Such commons become cultural and creative centres which open wide opportunities for the average users not only to use products of contributors of crea tive commons but also to become contributors themselves and create new products that may be interesting for the online community.   Potentially, such creative commons can and do compete with audio recording companies, film making companies and other companies and individuals, who stand for the protection of their copyright and intellectual property rights. In such a situation, creative commons become more and more popular because they become free sources for sharing creative products of many users (Creative Commons Case Studies, 29).   As a result, the average users tend to use products of creative commons instead of purchasing licensed products online.At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of Magnatune, the online record label that uses creative commons licenses to promote its catalogue with free samples of songs and diverse pricing models. In fact, the emergence of such services and companies as Magnatune can contribute to the further accelerated growth of creative commons that will put under a threat the position of audio recording and film making companies as well as other owners of copyright and intellectual property rights. In such a way, creative commons can reach the high level of performance, while Magnatune and other companies and services alike can make their functioning profitable that will stimulate users to contribute more to creative commons as well as to use their services and products more extensively.Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the development of internet has raised the problem of the violation of copyright and intellectual property rights because of the free sharing of files online by users via such services as Napster. However, legislators driven by audio recording, film making and other companies and individuals owning copyright and intellectual property rights to enhance legislation to protect those rights. In response, the online community shifted towar d the emergence of creative commons which open opportunities for creating products and using them freely online sharing files and information for free. In the future, creative commons can challenge the position of conventional audio recording and film making companies as well as other owners of copyright and intellectual property rights.

Explicación sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU.

Explicacià ³n sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU. Para los recià ©n llegados a Estados Unidos, el sistema educativo es uno de los grandes misterios y uno de los temas que ms inquietudes plantea. Para navegarlo exitosamente es importante entender los puntos bsicos de la educacià ³n obligatoria. En este artà ­culo se resuelven dudas sobre quà © aà ±os comprende la educacià ³n obligatoria, tipos de escuelas, cules son los grados y, finalmente, temas especiales como estatus migratorio y escuelas pà ºblicas, alimentos, educacià ³n especial, etc. Aà ±os de educacià ³n obligatoria en EE.UU.: K-12 En Estados Unidos la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los grados K-12, esto quiere decir, entre kindergarten -preescolar- al grado 12. Lo que no es tan claro es a quà © edad se debe comenzar en kindergarten y a cul finalizar los estudios obligatorios ya que cada estado establece sus propias reglas. Pero en general puede decirse que en algà ºn punto entre los 5 y los 8 aà ±os los nià ±os deben escolarizarse y deben estudiar hasta los 16 o, en algunos estados, 18-19 aà ±os. Por ejemplo, en California es obligatoria la enseà ±anza entre las edades de 6 y 18 aà ±os, pero se permite dejar de estudiar a los 16 si el estudiante se ha graduado de high school o ha obtenido el tà ­tulo equivalente que se conoce como CHSPE y, adems, tiene el permiso de sus padres. Por otro lado, en Connecticut la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los 5 y los 18 aà ±os, permitiendo la ley multas y cargos delictivos contra los padres que no envà ­an a sus hijos a las escuelas.  ¿Dà ³nde deben escolarizarse los nià ±os? Estados Unidos brinda un amplio abanico de posibilidades para enviar a las escuelas a nià ±os, desde escuelas pà ºblicas y todas sus variedades o privadas y todas las diferentes opciones, pasando por educacià ³n en casa. Segà ºn el Centro Nacional de Estadà ­sticas para la Educacià ³n, 50.700.000 estudiantes estudian en escuelas pà ºblicas, es decir, la mayorà ­a de los pupilos en edad de estudios obligatorios. Las escuelas pà ºblicas se caracterizan por: ser gratuitas para los estudianteslos fondos provienen del gobierno federal, el estado, el condado, la municipalidad o una combinacià ³n de variosestn obligadas a admitir a los estudiantes que habitualmente residen en el distrito escolar En algunos estados se permite que los padres puedan elegir escuela. Tambià ©n es frecuente que se permitan alternativas a los padres cuando la calidad de las escuelas del lugar donde residen deja mucho que desear en cuanto a calidad, mediante el sistema que se conoce como voucher. Existen varios tipos de escuelas pà ºblicas. En primer lugar, estn las regulares. Algunas son excelentes. Adems de las regulares, estn las chapter, que son escuelas que funcionan con fondos pà ºblicos pero que son gestionadas privadamente por empresas, por cooperativas de maestros o, incluso, por padres o por comunidades. Existe una importante diferencia en calidad de la enseà ±anza entre distintas escuelas chapters, por lo que si esa es la opcià ³n de los padres es muy conveniente que investiguen antes de registrar a sus hijos. Adems, estn las escuelas pà ºblicas conocidas como magnet, que son escuelas pà ºblicas que destacan por su excelencia acadà ©mica. Se especializan en un rea acadà ©mica en particular. Las magnet se caracterizan por asegurar la diversidad à ©tnica y racial de sus estudiantes.  En esta base de datos se puede ver cules son las mejor calificadas en todo Estados Unidos, permitià ©ndose una bà ºsqueda por estados. Por otro lado, tambià ©n existen varios tipos de escuelas privadas en las que en la actualidad estudian poco menos de 6 millones de alumnos.  En este tipo de escuelas los estudiantes envà ­an una solicitud y deben esperar a ver si son admitidos. Asimismo, deben pagar por sus estudios, aunque hay casos en los que hay becas disponibles para los mejores estudiantes sin recursos econà ³micos. En Estados Unidos, donde 1 de cada 3 high schools son privadas, existen los siguientes tipos de escuelas de esta naturaleza: En primer lugar, estn las Escuelas independientes, que no pueden recibir fondos de grupos religiosos, aunque pueden tener una estrecha relacià ³n con ellos. Hay menos de 2,000 pero se encuentran dentro de esta categorà ­a las famosas  Phillips Academy  Andover, con un excelente sistema de becas para  estudiantes excelentes pero sin recursos,  y Exeter. En segundo lugar, hay escuelas parroquiales, que estn estrechamente vinculadas con una iglesia y son muy populares, conformando el mayor nà ºmero de escuelas privadas. En los Estados Unidos la mayorà ­a son catà ³licas, aunque tambià ©n las hay protestantes y judà ­as. Un aspecto a tener en cuenta es que son, en general, notablemente ms baratas que las escuelas independientes. En tercer lugar, destacar las escuelas privadas con fin de lucro, que se conocen en inglà ©s como proprietary schools.   Por à ºltimo, existe una alternativa a las escuelas pà ºblicas y a las privadas: la escolaridad en casa y es que en los Estados Unidos ms de un millà ³n y medio de estudiantes reciben la educacià ³n en sus casas, lo que se conoce como home schooling,  actuando como profesores sus padres, maestros-tutores contratados o, incluso, siguiendo cursos completos por internet. Los requerimientos en cuanto a la obligacià ³n de notificar esta opcià ³n de enseà ±anza, rendir exmenes o curriculum a seguir varà ­a enormemente entre los diferentes estados, por lo que es necesario informarse en profundidad de las reglas que rigen en el lugar de residencia habitual.    ¿Cà ³mo se dividen las escuelas por grados? Es muy comà ºn encontrar estos tipos de escuelas: En primer lugar, Primaria, conocida en inglà ©s como elementary school. Los muchachos estudian hasta los grados 5to o 6to, dependiendo de los distritos. Como regla general, hasta que tienen 11-12 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, Intermediaria, conocida en inglà ©s como middle school y tambià ©n como junior high. No existe en todos los distritos y donde sà ­ la hay, hay variacià ³n en los grados que la componen, siendo comà ºn que comprenda 4to, 5to y 6to grado. Se trata de un paso intermedio entre la primaria y la secundaria. En tercer lugar, Secundaria, conocida en inglà ©s como high school. comprende los grados 9 a 12 y comienza a la edad de 14-15 aà ±os. Hay una gran variedad de tipos de high school, como las especializadas en preparar para college y universidad, especiales, vocacionales  o alternativas. Las personas que alcanzan los 19 aà ±os de edad y no han obtenido el diploma de high school pueden sacar una certificacià ³n alternativa. La ms conocida es el GED, que tambià ©n se puede rendir en espaà ±ol. Pero hay otras opciones, dependiendo de los estados, como por ejemplo el TASC y el HiSET. Adems, en el caso de los mexicanos es posible obtener el certificado de bachillerato de Mà ©xico sin salir de los Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © hay sobre la educacià ³n temprana  o pre-k? La educacià ³n temprana  no es obligatoria pero se brinda en un buen nà ºmero de escuelas pà ºblicas y privadas. Comienza a partir de los 3 aà ±os y el programa Head Start promueve la participacià ³n de nià ±os de bajos recursos. Los padres o tutores interesados deben consultar con las opciones en su lugar de residencia, ya que hay grandes diferencias entre distritos y estados. Escuelas, derechos migrantes y problemtica de visas Todos los nià ±os en edad de recibir educacià ³n obligatoria, es decir, en grados K-12 tienen derecho a asistir a una escuela pà ºblica en el distrito de su residencia habitual. Esto aplica por supuesto a los ciudadanos americanos, a los residentes permanentes y  Ã‚  tambià ©n a los nià ±os indocumentados. Asà ­ lo establecià ³ claramente una sentencia de la Corte Suprema que se conoce como Plyler v. Doe. Los padres, madres o tutores que confronten problemas por su estatus migratorio o el de sus nià ±os pueden contactar con Equity and Civil Rights, explicar su problema y solicitar que se cumpla la ley. Tambià ©n pueden asistir a las escuelas pà ºblicas los nià ±os presentes en los Estados Unidos con visas derivadas, como por ejemplo, la F-2, la H-4 o la J-2. Tambià ©n los hijos de extranjeros con visas de inversià ³n E-1 o E-2 vlidas. Sin embargo, la situacià ³n es muy diferente para el caso de nià ±os que ingresan a los Estados Unidos con visa de turista. Estudiar en una escuela pà ºblica significa que se est cometiendo una infraccià ³n migratoria y cada vez es ms frecuente que se le revoque la visa al nià ±o y tambià ©n a sus padres. Son varias las opciones de visa para estudiar en Estados Unidos que se brinda a esos nià ±os. Es muy importante entender que desde el punto de vista de la ley migratoria y las escuelas es muy distinta la situacià ³n de un nià ±o indocumentado, que sà ­ puede ir a las escuelas, y la de un nià ±o que ingresa al paà ­s con visa de turista y pretende asistir a una escuela pà ºblica. Estos  nià ±os no estn protegidos por Plyler v. Doe. Idioma, educacià ³n especial, vacunas y alimentos Si los nià ±os no hablan inglà ©s o si los padres desean que hablen con fluidez inglà ©s y espaà ±ol, pueden considerar los programas de educacià ³n que se brindan en uno o ambos idiomas. Hay una gran variedad de opciones, dependiendo del lugar de residencia. Madres, padres y tutores de nià ±os con situaciones especiales, como por ejemplo autismo, epilepsia, parlisis cerebral, etc deben explorar las diversas opciones de educacià ³n especial que mejor se ajusten a las necesidades de sus hijos. Hay opciones muy diversas, desde integracià ³n a escuelas especiales. Lamentablemente, las oportunidades no son las mismas y dependen en gran medida del lugar de residencia. Entre los requerimientos para registrar nià ±os para las escuelas es muy comà ºn el de pedir el rà ©cord de vacunas, si bien esto no es igual en todos los estados y hay importantes diferencias. En esta pgina en espaà ±ol de Los Centros para el Control y Prevencià ³n de Enfermedades se explica informacià ³n muy importante sobre dà ³nde llevar al nià ±o a vacunar, cules son las vacunas y la edad para recibirlas e incluso quià ©n puede obtener ayuda econà ³mica para las vacunaciones. Finalmente, destacar que todos los nià ±os enrolados en escuelas pà ºblicas o en privadas sin fin de lucro pueden recibir asistencia de alimentos si asà ­ lo precisan. Es indiferente su estatus migratorio y/o el de sus padres ya que lo à ºnico que se tiene en cuenta es la situacià ³n alimentaria del nià ±o. El programa ms grande es el Programa Nacional de Almuerzos Escolares. Tambià ©n destacar el Programa de Desayunos Gratuitos. Estas ayudas tambià ©n estn disponibles en verano cuando las escuelas no estn en activo. Despuà ©s de la educacià ³n obligatoria La enseà ±anza superior puede seguirse en colleges o universidades. Es importante considerar el costo e intentar evitar, en la medida de lo posible, llegar al momento de recibir el tà ­tulo con mucha deuda, ya que puede ser un gran lastre. Considerar las opciones de becas, debiendo los estudiantes excelentes esforzarse y animarse y creerse que pueden optar a lo mejor. Estas son 12 universidades de à ©lite que becan a todo tipo de estudiantes, incluidos los indocumentados. Tambià ©n considerar la opcià ³n de los colegios comunitarios, que resultan ms econà ³micos, adems de brindar otras ventajas. Puntos clave: educacià ³n en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, la educacià ³n de los nià ±os y adolescentes es obligatoria.Tipos de escuelas: pà ºblicas (50,7 millones de estudiantes) y privadas (5,9 millones de alumnos). Tambià ©n es legal recibir educacià ³n en casa, pero cada estado regula este derecho de diferente manera.Categorà ­as de escuelas pà ºblicas: regulares, chapter y magnet.Educacià ³n obligatoria y migracià ³n: por sentencia de la Corte Suprema Plyler vs. Doe de 1982, los nià ±os indocumentados tienen derecho a estudiar en escuelas pà ºblicas. Los nià ±os con visas derivadas hijos de trabajadores temporales o estudiantes internacionales tienen tambià ©n ese derecho. Por el contrario, es ilegal estudiar con una visa de turista. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS - Research Paper Example BODY 1. The History of the Federal Budget process A. Changes made to the process Prior to 1921 Changes made to the process entail how the federal budget process was prior to the three laws, which govern it today. To begin with, preceding the 1921 budget and Accounting Act, the federal budget process was at the discretion of the Congress. The Congress made decisions on how much it was willing to impose as tax, expenditures to be incurred, and if there was need to borrow funds. This bill was taking for presidential accent each year. The enacted federal budget process could then be transferred to the Executive branch that was bestowed with the responsibility of its execution (Fischer, 1975). Budgetary, fiscal, and economic evolutionary changes necessitated the need for a more coordinated federal budget process. This saw the birth of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 that was aimed at coordinating monetary policies, controlling money supply, and centralizing the regulation of the bankin g system (Anderson, Davis & Gullo, 2003). Budget and Accounting Act 1921 The Act necessitated the need for the President to tender a particular consolidated budget each year for consideration by the Congress in bid to developing a synchronized federal budget process. This Act also brought into implementation the Bureau of the Budget that was aimed at making the presidents’ means of generating a tender more efficient. Consequently, this Act brought to existence the General Accounting Office the aided in accountability checks of the Congress. In addition, this Act provided regulations that inhibited agencies from proposing for supplementary appropriations (Anderson, Davis & Gullo,... The paper tells that the federal budget process has four main functions: responsible for the development of the macro fiscal policy attained through the determination of the proportion of the federal surplus or deficit. Secondly, the federal budget process plays a role in setting priorities across the competing programs and projects requiring the allocation of the limited resources. Thirdly, the federal budget process plays a role in promoting the accountability of agencies responsible for the implementation of fiscal goals contained in the budget. Finally, the federal budget process has a function in promoting consideration of the impacts made by decisions accrued today as pertains to the budget, and economies of the prospect. Federal budget process has evolved with time to accommodate the challenging economic situations. On relevance is the social security benefit, which has attributed to the increase in government deficit. This is since the federal government ends up incurring mor e expenses financing the elderly and compensating retired workers who are not bringing any income to the nation. The Congress has come up with alternatives to the social security benefit like the Individualized Retirement Account and Universal Pensions. Deficits in the federal budget process can be corrected by cutting on the expenditure and increasing the GDP every fiscal year. The federal budget process in bid to cushion itself has also implemented the budget cuts where there is less money in circulation affecting the individual expenditure.