can you remember birth Essay examples - 986 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Freud, people are unable to remember when they are born because it is a traumatic experience, and such experiences are placed in the unconscious, meaning they are forgotten, unintentionally. Being born is a traumatic experience because of the fact that a fetus is, basically, being pulled from an environment that it has gotten used to over the course of nine months. This environment is one in which there was food, warmth, and comfort. When the child is born, it comes into a cold, dry, loud place, totally unlike the warm, muffled sounds of the womb, and it is a shocking experience. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For a newborn, this is not only too much for their brain to process, it shocks them†¦show more content†¦The data also supported the prediction, derived from the aforementioned model, that children would report a disproportionate number of memories from the amnesia period. Nelson and Ross go on to say the following things, to add to the validity of their findings: A fundamental characteristic of human memory is that, as time passes there is a decline in the probability that a specific episode in one’s life can be recalled. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For example, a child may forget a particularly bad spanking or punishment received by their parent because they would rather forget the incident than have to think about what happened. Also, it is more difficult for a child to â€Å"encode information† from short term to long-term memory, so they do not understand the difference between the two (Berger 172). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In addition to the studies of Nelson and Ross, a group of three named Graesser, Gordon, and Sawyer came to this conclusion in 1979: Coding involves some form of abstraction and that particular events are encoded as instances of scripted activities rather than as complete memories for each episode. The same source of the above information continues with a statement that sums up the notion of childhood amnesia with the following: With development, the memory systemShow MoreRelatedBirth Is A Time For Parents1478 Words   |  6 PagesBirth is a time for parents to start a family. When thinking about birth and labor there are many things to think about before the child is here and the mother is in the hospital getting ready to have the child. There are many different types of labor to bring your new joy into this world. My position on this is medicated birth is better for the mother not to struggle with the pain during birth. Medicated births are better for the reasons of medication lessening the pain for the mother, medicationRead MoreFeminism And The Different Types Of Feminism Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagessaw or noticed otherwise, I would fight for equal opportunities. Also, back in the day, I would have fought for women of color to be involved and be treated the same as white women. I am a firm believer in you get back what you put in, so if you are not taking full advantage of education or you are living in poverty, it is your own fault for not making a change. Additionally, I am a cultural feminist because I agree with the concept that men and women are different in the aspect of emotions, valuesRead MoreThe Day Of The Joy Of Christmas Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesHey there! Merry Christmas! I hope that you are all able to spend time with your loved ones during these upcoming days. Part of the joy of Christmas is spending time with those we love. While we celebrate with our friends and family, it’s the perfect time to remember all of the things God has blessed us with. Family. Loved ones. Clean Water. Food. Shelter. Safetly. Internet (WiFi, amirite? ☠º ). As well as many other things. Most importantly, we should remember the incredible LOVE God has for us. (JeremiahRead MoreMy Baby Born At Home1009 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever considered having Your baby born at home? The first time I heard about mothers giving birth at home was in the Netherlands in 2004. At that time almost all mothers gave birth at home, except when there was a highrisk pregnancy or some other kind of complication like high blood pressure. My first thought was â€Å"Wow, giving birth at home, that must be messy?† The moms were laughing when they heard my thoughts, and explained me all about how moms deliver at home. I talked to many mothersRead MoreShould Teenage Girls Be Allowed For Access Birth Control Without Parental Consent?920 Words   |  4 Pagesallowed to access birth control without parental consent. Each parent has his or her own perspective, and reason behind this issue. Parenting styles help contribute to differing opinions on allowing teenage girls to access birth control without parental consent. Some parents of teenage girls believe they shouldn’t be allowed to access birth control without parental consent because it takes the authority away from them, and promotes sexual activity. Teenage girls can access birth control in some clinicsRead MoreTeenagers And Birth Control Without Parental Consent897 Words   |  4 PagesTeenagers and Birth Control There are many different opinions on whether teenage girls should be allowed to access birth control without parental consent. Each parent has his or her own perspective, and reason behind this issue. Parenting styles help contribute to different opinions on allowing teenage girls to access birth control without parental consent. Some parents of teenage girls believe they shouldn’t be allowed to access birth control without parental consent because it takes the authorityRead MoreThe Baby Boomer Generation : A Real Question1487 Words   |  6 PagesWhat if i were to ask you a question? What makes you capable to think about your answer? What do you think makes you capable of reading this paper? Do you remember learning skills you still use today like learning to talk or walk even think? What if i were to ask you to recall your favorite memory of your happiest or saddest day would you remember it clearly? Clearly your brain is at work in all these examples but how does your bra in understand this jumble of words in this paper? I ll explain howRead MoreEssay on The Lion King: Journey of an Epic Hero1091 Words   |  5 Pagesidentity and responsibility. As said by director Julie Taymor, In addition to being a tale about a boys personal growth, the `Lion King dramatizes the ritual of the `Circle of Life. Throughout The Lion King, Simba must endeavor through the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth to take his place in the circle of life, as king of the pridelands. One of the most enthralling central themes that exist in the Lion King are the concepts of the Circle of Life. It is a concept that momentously emphasizesRead MoreBenefits Of A Bone Marrow Transplant1338 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I think of birth, I have realized that my thoughts have been shaped around personal experiences. To me, birth comes in many forms, more than just the traditional child birthing. When you have a bone marrow transplant, you are â€Å"rebirthed†. I have my normal birthday, and my new birthday. My new birthday gave me a second chance at life and to me that is exactly what birth is -a chance at life. I can relate this to Portier’s view, although he uses it in the sense of a newborn. He says, â€Å"Babies representRead More Growth And Development In Babies Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop in the head region first, then the trunk, and lastly in the legs and feet. Therefore, it is said that babies develop in a head-to-toe direction or cephalo caudally. For example, a baby can hold up their head before they can grasp an object with their hand. Also, they can feed themself before they can walk.Second Developmental Rule:The second rule explains that children develop from the midline, or centre of the body, outward toward the fingers and toes. This stage or rule is the one which

Organizational Behavior for Engineering Managers-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for Engineering Managers. Answer: Introduction Team cohesiveness is one of the important criteria for achieving any specific goal. The challenges identified in the organizational behavior can create the hazardous situations for the associated members (Robbins 2009). The case study focuses on the coordination and behavior issues within Woodson Foundation, a non-profit social service agency. These issues affected the performance of the students and influenced the crimes. The study would discuss the development of the complex team by eliminating the conflicts within the institutes. The discussion of the integrative negotiation strategies would also be discussed in this study. Dominant Perspectives on Team formation and performance The issues are identified for the ineffective coordination between the team members and the improper behavior of the school staffs towards the parents of the students. It has been observed that the turnover among the efficient teachers is much higher. The focus of the plan is to develop an effective private money raising program by developing the coordination among the community leaders. The perspectives of the different team members determine that he school needs to adopt changes and maintain the cohesiveness while performing any internal functionalities. The improvement in the behavior and building supports among the development team would be beneficial in achieving the purpose. Identification and Suggestions for good group member Maintaining an autocratic decision making process would not go well with the development purposes. It is necessary to communicate with the involved members, especially, the parents, community members, teachers, and administrative departments (Coccia 2014). The given statements by the members of the development team highlight the different perspectives. It is noted, the statement of Victor Martinez is quite appreciable. He stated that the school requires changes and amendments on the faulty systems. It is thus suggested that the development of the concerns among the involved members is necessary before implementing any changes or development program. On the contrary, the statement of Duane Hardy, who thinks that the parents should be completely excluded from the decision making process. Whenever the school implements any new program or decisions, it is essential to receive the monetary supports from the parents as well (Hawes and Fleming 2014). Moreover, the school authority is always answerable to the parents since they work on the students betterment. However, in such situation, eliminating the parents in involvement would not be solution to the conflicts. Advices for Managing Conflicts The conflicts emerged due to the improper decision making process. It is true that the school requires modifications within the system and involvements of the associated members. It is thus suggested that the administrative department or the school authority needs to establish a proper communication transparency to convey the messages regarding the necessities of internal changes. Once the parents and the community members become aware of these necessities, they would be able to understand the need for changes (Peng, Dunn and Conlon 2015). Accordingly, they would be able to participate in the decision making process and provide the adequate support to execute these changes. The communication through meetings and face-to-face conversation is thus quite essential. Integrative negotiation strategies for achieving joint goals Integrative negotiation is quite an important segment to achieve the goals. It generally produces satisfactory outcomes for the involved parties. If the school authority would use the positional negotiation strategy, it would be limited within the fixed viewpoints (Lu et al. 2015). However, on the other hand, the integrative negotiation has the different viewpoints that helped in implementing the innovative ideas. The creative and integrative solutions would thus provide more satisfactory outcome that could be accepted by the individuals involved in the decision making process (Haselhuhn et al. 2014). Similarly, in case of Woodson Foundation, it is essential to involve the parents of the kids as well as the community members to develop any decision for ensuring welfare purposes. The goals can be achieved through such process if the internal members would provide the expected support on such matter. Conclusion The study develops the ideas about the development of group cohesiveness and team coordination. The improvements are needed to be brought in the behavior of the internal members. It is observed that some of the internal members claim that the school authority needs to be involved in the decision making process and eliminate the viewpoints of the parents and community members. On the contrary, some of the members even think that the school needs some changes and modifications within the system by involving the perception of the external members as well. However, making the decisions by implementing the integrative negotiation process would be much fruitful to ensure the satisfactory outcomes and achieve the goals. References Coccia, M., 2014. Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources.International Journal of Services Technology and Management,20(4-6), pp.251-266. Haselhuhn, M.P., Wong, E.M., Ormiston, M.E., Inesi, M.E. and Galinsky, A.D., 2014. Negotiating face-to-face: Men's facial structure predicts negotiation performance.The Leadership Quarterly,25(5), pp.835-845. Hawes, J.M. and Fleming, D.E., 2014. Recognizing Distributive or Integrative Negotiation Opportunities in Marketing Channels: The Conceptualization of Adaptive Negotiations.Journal of Marketing Channels,21(4), pp.279-287. Lu, J., Jiang, X., Yu, H. and Li, D., 2015. Building collaborative structures for teachers autonomy and self-efficacy: the mediating role of participative management and learning culture.School Effectiveness and School Improvement,26(2), pp.240-257. Peng, A.C., Dunn, J. and Conlon, D.E., 2015. When vigilance prevails: The effect of regulatory focus and accountability on integrative negotiation outcomes.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,126, pp.77-87. Robbins, S.P., 2009.Organizational Behavior, 13/E. Pearson Education India.

Ted Hughess poems Analysis Essay Example For Students

Ted Hughess poems Analysis Essay Ted Hughess poems often contain striking and sometimes quite startling imagery and language. In the poem Thrushes for example Hughess describes the birds in an almost disturbing manner. Hughes refers to the birds as more coiled steel than living this produces a startling image of the speed and almost robotic and mechanical nature of the thrush who sits, ready to spring into action and devour its victim. It is almost as though they have no other purpose but to hunt and kill their food. He describes the thrushs eye as dark and deadly which gives a threatening and almost menacing image of a thrush just waiting and watching completely focused on finding food. We will write a custom essay on Ted Hughess poems Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He describes their hunting method as Triggered to stirrings beyond sense which means that they can sense their prey, a technique that cannot be explained logically but like a water definer who seeks water through some sort of sixth sense. The thrush can find worms or grubs by sense rather then movement, this creates quite a vivid image of these mechanical birds who single mindedly seek out their prey. He uses mono-syllable words such as bounce and stab to describe the quick sharp movements of the birds. These words are almost onomatopoeic. This gives distinct emphasis to these words and reflects the violence of the action, which gives the language quite a startling effect. He refers to the prey as some writhing thing which effectively describes the patheticness of the victim once dragged out of the ground by the seemingly ruthless thrush. He also refers to the thrushes as bullet and automatic which effectively describes the speed and automaticness of the birds and emphasizes the single purpose of them to kill. This has quite a terrifying effect. At the end of stanza three Hughess compares the Thrushes to sharks, The sharks mouth that hungers down the blood-smell even to a leak of its own side and devouring of itself This creates quite a shocking and dramatic effect. It compares the Thrush to a shark who is so mechanically devoted to the single task of pursuing and devouring its prey that it can start to eat itself if it smells its own blood. Hughess also uses startling language to describe the ever present temptation of man whos man can never remain focused on one thing, furious spaces of fire do the distracting devils orgy and Hosannah This creates quite violent and vivid imagery, describing the sinful temptations of man, such as sex. He also conjures up the very vivid and effective image, Black silent waters weep to really capture the idea of stillness which maybe seen on the outside but the huge expanses of depth where you have no idea whats going on, like a mans mind. In the poem Thrushes Ted Hughess uses startling imagery describe the thrush as a ruthless and deadly bird who is completely, single-mindedly devoted to the task of hunting down  its prey and devouring it. The language and imagery emphasise the deadliness of the thrush especially when compared to man who can never be devoted enough to concentrate on one task no matter how it seems to look from the outside there is still the inescapable temptation of everything around us. In the poem Mayday on Holderness Hughess also uses vivid imagery and vocabulary, he begins for example with the phrase motherly summer which successfully creates a sense of warmth and birth of a new summer full of life. He refers to the river Humber as a, a loaded single vein which drains the North. This creates a vivid image of the river like a throbbing vein pumping and flowing across the North of England. .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .postImageUrl , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:hover , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:visited , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:active { border:0!important; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:active , .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648 .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0db653c91bc3d7ccf137a3c77071648:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pulp Fiction Analysis EssayHe creates a quite startling effect by describing how the salt, sea cuts right through his body, The sea-salts scoured me, cortex and intestine He describes quite startling language how he can feel it right down his throat and moving through his organs, as if hes digesting it. He uses a very effective and startling technique of referring to the river as a person who is growing and breathing with all the life and energy of summer around it, What a length of gut is growing and breathing He creates a quite vivid image of the hedgerows which are full of mothers guarding their nests, There are eye-guarded eggs in these hedgerows. This shows how full of life everything is and is effective as it allows you to picture the watchful beady eye of a bird defending her nest from any possible predator. He shows that even though everything looks fine and full of energy there can still be pain and suffering underneath it all by mentioning the hidden wreckage of world war one which is hidden by the North sea. He uses startling language and imagery to emphasise the horrors of the war, Heart-beats, bomb, bayonet. Mother, Mother! Cries the pierced helmet. Cordite oozings of Gallipoli The poem Mayday on Holderness also uses startling imagery and language in a similar way to Thrushes it also describes something typical like a beautiful summers day but concentrates on the pain and suffering lurking underneath. Like how Thrushes portrays an ordinary bird as a deadly and single-minded killing machine. Previous

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Differences

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Differences Introduction Research design is the process through which the research questions are turned into a testing project. The suitability or the effectiveness of a research design depends on the research questions. As a blue print for the study, a research design is concerned with the following issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs’ Differences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, it identifies the questions to be studied by the researcher. Second, it helps the researcher to identify the relevant data that needs to be collected. Finally, it is concerned with how data should be analyzed in order to achieve the desired results. Research design can be qualitative or quantitative. A quantitative study involves systematic and empirical investigation of social phenomena with the aid of statistical techniques. Qualitative study on the other hand is â€Å"a method of inquiry that facilitates an in-depth understanding of human behavior, and the factors that influence such behavior†. This paper focuses on the differences between qualitative and quantitative research designs. Characteristics of a Qualitative Study Design Strategies A qualitative study uses naturalistic inquiry. This means that real-world situations are studied as they occur without manipulating or controlling them. A qualitative study is based on emergent design flexibility. Thus, it allows the research to adapt to changes in situations, and enables the researcher to adopt new techniques as they emerge. The study also uses purposeful sampling to recruit participants. Selection of the sources of information or the participants is based on the ability of such participants to provide useful information on the subject under study. Data Collection In qualitative studies, qualitative data is collected through observations that give details about the research topic. Other method s of collecting data include interviews, case studies and document review. Personal experiences and insights of the researcher are an integral aspect of the inquiry. They help in understanding the phenomenon under study. Empathic neutrality, as well as, mindfulness must be maintained during data collection to avoid bias. Change in the phenomenon under study is assumed to be on-going. Thus, attention must be given to system and situation dynamics during data collection.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis Strategies The analysis process is based on unique case orientation. Thus, the first step in analysis is â€Å"being true to, respecting, and capturing details†, of each case being studied. The study uses inductive analysis, as well as, creative synthesis to analyze data. The analysis starts by exploration, and then confirmation is made based on analytic al principles instead of rules. A creative synthesis ends the analysis process. A holistic perspective must be developed by understanding the phenomenon as a complex system that is greater than its constituent parts. The analyst focuses on the complex interdependencies, as well as, system dynamics that can not be conceptualized as separate, and linear cause-effect relationships. The analyst aims at being in control of, and reflective about his voice and perspective. A reliable voice expresses authenticity and trustworthiness. This enables the researcher to understand and depict the world authentically â€Å"in all its complexity while being self-analytic and reflexive in consciousness†. Characteristics of Quantitative Study Design Strategies A quantitative study aims at classifying facts, counting facts, and developing statistical or mathematical models in order to explain the phenomenon under study. The researcher normally has a clear understanding of what he is interested i n prior to the study. Consequently, the various aspects of the study are properly designed prior to data collection. However, designing all aspects of the study in advance limits the researcher’s ability to adopt emergent techniques during the study. Besides, it makes it difficult to adapt the study to systems or situation dynamics. Measurement is an integral aspect of quantitative study. Data Collection Quantitative studies use quantitative data in order to facilitate mathematical analysis. Quantitative data are usually in numerical or statistical form. Thus, the first step in data collection is to ensure that the variables considered in the study are measurable. A measurement instrument has to be developed to help the researcher to collect quantitative data. In experimental quantitative studies, the researcher has to control, and manipulate the variables in order to obtain the desired information. The methods used to collect data include surveys and interviews. In most quan titative studies, only part of the population (sample) is selected to provide information. However, the sample must be representative of the population in order to improve the credibility of any generalizations made on the population. Consequently, random sampling is used to ensure representativeness. Analysis Strategies In quantitative studies, analysis involves modeling the data by mathematically expressing the relationships between variables. The collected data is then analyzed using statistical techniques in order to provide insights on the phenomenon under study. The results of the statistical analysis are used to test the research’s hypothesis. Quantitative studies can be purely analytical or predictive. However, both cases focus on determining cause and effect relationships.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs’ Differences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mo re In analytical studies, the analyst concentrates in analyzing how various factors (variables) contribute to the situation. In predictive studies, the analyst establishes how the variables influence the phenomenon under study in different situations or circumstances. In this case, the analyst aims at using the results for generalization. The researcher tends to be objective throughout the analysis process in order to avoid bias. Discussion and Comparison of the Differences Both qualitative and quantitative research designs aim at establishing cause and effect relationships. However, the approaches adopted by the two designs are fundamentally different. The two research designs can, thus, be compared as follows. First, the primary aim of a qualitative study is to provide a detailed and sufficient description of the study topic. Quantitative studies on the other hand concentrates on counting and classifying variables, and use statistical models to explain observations. Second , qualitative studies are suitable for initial stages of a research project while quantitative studies are suitable for the later stages. In this regard, quantitative research gives a clearer picture of the entire study compared to qualitative research. Third, the researcher acts as the main instrument for collecting data in qualitative research. The researcher uses methods such as individual in-depth interviews, documentary analysis and focus group discussions. In quantitative studies, tools such as surveys are the main instruments of data collection. Fourth, the data used in qualitative studies are presented in the form of words, images and artifacts. On the other hand, the data used in quantitative studies are presented in terms of statistics and numbers. Finally, qualitative studies tend to be subjective in approach since they aim at understanding â€Å"human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior†. Quantitative research on the other hand is objective in approach since it only focuses on precise measurements, and analysis. References Agrawal, N. (2009). Quantitative Research Methods. New Delhi: Prateeksha Publications. McBurney, D., White, T. (2009). Research Methods. New York: Cengage Brain.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weinbers, N. (2009). Qualitative Reserach Methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Leadership - Assignment Example Equity theory therefore centers on two surfaces: outcome and input. A worker will most probably compare their inputs with the ratio of outcome. If the worker senses inequality, they adopt corrective measures against it. When there is inequity at workplace, an employee is likely to lower the organization’s productivity or minimize the job quality which may lead to resignation of absenteeism. Equity theory entails human motives and thus it should have an enormous application in order to comprehend organizational behavior. The Human Resource Department (HRD) should consider equity theory under scrutiny. This is because equity theory would help the HRD demystify behaviors of employees and present them with possible elements that might limit the performance and efficiency of employees as well as the entire organization (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi, 2012). Organizational HRD and leaders can assist in creating equity perceptions by guaranteeing that there is fair rewards and that workers are treated equitably. Otherwise, when a worker is unaware of a co-worker’s earnings, they are likely to overestimate their salaries, thus perceiving a relationship that is inequitable. This perception may implicate the organization since the employee may reduce their inputs (Buhler, 2002). Equity theory should be carefully considered in a case study such as Healthcare HRD. This is because healthcare has a sustained nursing scarcity, which leads to unequal levels of staffing and dissatisfaction of job. The situation is grim in hospital context where patient-nurse ratio is high and results to emotional exhaustion (Niles and Niles, 2012). The leaders can provide the employees basic needs such as housing, safety, salary, and job-security as well as proper job design (Pattanayak,

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Marketing - Essay Example This is achieved through transforming the physical features and insubstantial insights of a marketing offering in relation to the rivalry. It is vital to note that position is not determined by the appearance of the product or the sustenance that it pursues to stimulate. However, it is instead the insight or appearance that takes a distinct location in the mindset of the consumer; furthermore, positioning is a communication, comprising the establishment of a market mix, which creates the natural flow of information from market segmentation through target marketing. It is a form of developing a competitive position for an international brand and consequently improving its desirability. Positioning is mainly concerned with what an organization does to the prospective consumer and how the consumer perceives the organization. Effective positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy because a position arouses an image of the product concerned in the minds of the client (Sc hultz 2007, p. 23). It projects the idea that differentiates the brand from the competition and projects it as a product that can meet the needs and desires of international customer, whereby, an effective positioning offers a competitive edge to a brand that is trying to display its desirability to the target market. Effective positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy because it promises the benefit the clients will get and develops the expectation that it has the solution to the problem of the consumer. The solution is always different from and better than the solution provided by the competitors. Positioning is thus, an incorporating notion. It acts as an umbrella that incorporates all things in international branding. When effectively targeted, single-minded, positioning affects everything that a brand does or stands for; it is not reinforced by advertising only, but by the wholeness of its promotional efforts (Smith, Gopalakrishna and Chatterjee 2006, 560). However, in case the expectations that are developed by the brand strategy are not met, the effectiveness or the reliability of these benefits may weaken speedily. Therefore, with these demonstrations, it shows that positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy. An Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign for an International Brand The advancement of marketing for an international brand has moved beyond traditional marketing to include consumer driven, interactive and social marketing. Colgate Company is one of the multinational companies have realized the significant need for integrated marketing communicating (IMC) campaign in order to enable their Colgate Dental Cream brand to thrive in the global market effectively; hence achieving a competitive advantage. The increased competition in the global market have enabled Colgate Company to employ IMC approach; thus this approach is ushering in a new technology era where marketers blend communication messages acro ss the media channels in order to communicate about brand experience. The Colgate Dental Cream, which is the leading toothpaste are designed in a manner that raises awareness; thus ultimately surges their sales, leading to great returns and income for the organization. Therefore, as a part of successful IMC for Colgate Dental Cream brand, Colgate Company utilizes social media, Internet, public relation and advertising through other media such as Televisions, radios and others in a cohesive manner to share the message about the availability of this brand in the market. For an effective campaign of Colgate Dental Cream brand using IMC, various methods or elements are employed in the entire process. For instance, integrated market

The Industrial Dispute

The Industrial Dispute Ø INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aim of this essay is to analyze whether boycotts and lockouts are two other anti-impasse weapons used by labour and management. For that we have to get an idea of what is strike and lockouts, and its impact on both management side and labour side. A bargaining impasse occurs when the two sides negotiating an agreement are unable to reach an agreement and become deadlocked. An Impasse is almost invariably mutually harmful, either as a result of direct action which may be taken such as a strike in employment negotiation. Most disputes arise in situations where facts are able to be interpreted in multiple ways, and if parties interpret the facts to their own benefit they may be unable to accept the opposing partys claim as reasonable. They may believe the other side is either bluffing or acting unfairly and deserve to be punished. According to Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 industrial dispute is defined as, Any disputes or differences b etween employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour, of any person. Ø STRIKE A work stoppage undertaken in support of a bargaining position or in protest of some aspect of a previous agreement or proposed agreement between labour and management. Strikes can be divided into two basic types: economic and unfair labor practice. An economic strike seeks to obtain some type of economic benefit for the workers, such as improved wages and hours, or to force recognition of their union. An unfair labor practice strike is called to protest some act of the employer that the employees regard as unfair. Essential requirements for the existence of strike are There must be a concerted refusal; or Refusal under a common understanding of any number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment They must stop work for some demands relating to employment, non-employment or the conditions of labour of the workmen Ø EXAMPLE FOR STRIKE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Royal Mail postal workers took strike action over job security and working conditions. They voted three to one in favour of action, with 61,623 out of a total of 80,830 workers who voted saying they wanted to strike. The regions in the UK which have been hardest hit by the postal strikes are London, with a cost to businesses of  £187.1 million, and Scotland with a cost of  £82.5 million. The segments affected generate revenues of  £23 million per day, estimate of cost is  £10 million per strike day adding up to a projected total of  £40 million so far. Ø CAUSE OF THE STRIKE In 2007, the last national postal strike ended after both sides signed a 14-page agreement on pay and changes to working practices. As deals go, the agreement to end the 2007 nationwide postal strike was certainly woolly in parts.There was plenty of opportunity for both sides to disagree on exactly what it meant in practice. At the very least, the tortuous discussions on implementing the agreement have proved that give and take has one attribute very much in short supply. The stated aim of the agreement, which now seems ironic, was to move away from the adversarial relationships that persist in too many parts of the business. As members of the Communication Workers Union (CWU) are now out on another nationwide strike, that goal seems further away than ever. Walk sequencing machines were to be trialled using computer programmes to produce the sensible delivery round for a postal worker. The 2007 deal set a concrete deadline of the end of January 2008 to agree a framework to deal with the trialling and implementation of all new technology and automation. But two years on, there is still no agreement according to Royal Mail, which says that a framework was twice agreed between negotiators, but each time it was subsequently rejected by the executive committee of the CWU. The union declined to comment. Another clause in the agreement pledged is the early shift payment is ceased in delivery on agreement to pay restructuring. But Royal Mail says that the early shift payment still technically exists, and the company continues to be keen to discuss pay restructuring with the union. So in other words it seems nothing has changed. So the 2007 agreement on modernisation has led to some significant changes in the way Royal Mail staff operate. But with CWU members now out on another nationwide strike, the great prize of replacing confrontation with trust between the two sides, seems as far away as ever. During industrial disputes, sometimes employees use strike as a anti-impasse weapon. The various forms of strike that employees use as weapons when industrial disputes arise are Ø ECONOMIC STRIKE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of the strikes of workers are directed towards facilities and increase in wage levels. In economic strike, the labourers demand increase in wages, travelling allowance, house rent allowance, dearness allowance and other facilities such as increase in privilege leave and casual leave. A strike is legal if employees are using it to exert economic pressure upon their employer in order to improve the conditions of their employment. In this case, employees are not using the strike as an anti-impasse weapon. STAY-IN STRIKE In this case, workers do not absent themselves from their place of work when they are on strike. They keep control over production facilities. But do not work. Such a strike is also known as pen down or tool down strike. SLOW DOWN STRIKE Employees remain on their jobs under this type of strike. They do not stop work, but restrict the rate of output in an organised manner. They adopt go-slow tactics to put pressure onthe employers. SYMPATHETIC STRIKE. When workers of one unit or industry go on strike in sympathy with workers of another unit or industry who are already on strike, it is called a sympathetic strike. The workers of sugar industry may go on strike in sympathy with their fellow workers of the textile industry who may already be on strike. Picketing. When workers are dissuaded from work by stationing certain men at the factory gates, such a tep is known as picketing. If picketing does not involve any violence, it is perfectly legal. From the above definitions the strike in the form of economic strike and picketing, are not used as anti-impasse weapons by the employees. But the other forms of strike that are discussed above are unwanted and illegal strikes, which in turn are used as an anti-impasse weapon, when industrial disputes arise. Ø LOCKOUTS DEFINITION Industrial action during which an employer withholds work, and denies employees access to the place of work. In effect, it is a strike by the management to compel a settlement to a labor dispute on terms favourable to the employer. When lock out action is taken by several employers in concert, it is called a joint lockout. The Requirements of lockout are Temporary closing of place of employment The element of demand for which the industrial establishment is locked out, must be present The intention to re-open or take the workers back if they accept the demands must exist The employer and employees must be engaged in an industrial process carried on in an institution. Lockout is intended for compelling the employees to accept any terms or conditions- tactic in bargaining. Closure is shutting employment ending bargaining Ø EXAMPLE OF A LOCKOUT AND IMPACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roopacherra tea estate in south east Assam has been under lockout for nearly month after the executives abandoned it. Leading to the death of a three-year-old girl, Shivani Kalindi and two workers, Yogendra Kalindi, 22, and Manorama Dev, 60, according the workers panchayat (council). After the death of the girl, workers defied the lockout and began picking and selling leaf to other factories for their survival. The Katlicherra police have registered a case against the absconding tea executives and a fact-finding team has been set up to look into the deaths by the Hailakandi administration. Some food was given by the local administration after a hunger strike by a large group of women workers. Dilip Singh, president of the garden panchayat, claimed that the out-of-work labour force was scavenging for roots and tubers of plants in the absence of food as most women and children in the labour colony were suffering from malnutrition related ailments. Roopacherra tea estate has a 1,400-strong workforce, who have been paid no wages since a lockout was declared on January 19.The reason cited by the management for the lockout was flagrant violation of instructions relating to attendance. Ø IS MANAGEMENT USING LOCKOUT AS ANTI-IMPASSE WEAPON:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apart from lockouts, the management uses its own methods to counter the workers. Some of the weapons used by the management are: Employers Association. The employers may form their unions to collectively oppose the working class and put pressure on the trade unions. Termination of Service. The employers may terminate the services of those workers who are on strike by blacklisting them. Their lists may be circulated to other employers so as to restrict their chances of getting .The management is using lockout as an anti-impasse weapon for most of the above labour problems, even if the employees are on economic strikes. The management uses this weapon because they are dead-locked and they dont want the employees to gain something out the strike. This is due to the lack of business management at the top level of the industry. However, in a situation where Industrial disputes take place because of indiscipline and violence on the part of the workforce. The management is forced to use the lockouk. Ø STEPS TO AVOID STRIKE AND LOCKOUTS Maintaining Good Industrial Relationship:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To avoid strikes and lockouts an organization must have healthy Industrial relationship. The relationship between Employer and employee or trade unions is called Industrial Relation. Harmonious relationship is necessary for both employers and employees to safeguard the interests of the both the parties of the production. In other words good Industrial Relation means industrial peace which is necessary for better and higher productions. Industrial Relation is a major force which influences the social, political and economic development of a country .Managing industrial relations is a challenging task because it deals with a highly complex, fast developing, ever changing and expanding field. There are certain factors such as composition of working class, work environment, socioeconomic status of the workers and their attitude to work, managements ideology, role of the state, thinking of the community etc which have a considerable bearing on the state of relationship between labour and management. Apart from the primary objective of bringing about sound and healthy relations between employers and employees, Industrial Relation aims at To safeguard the interest of labor and management by securing the highest level of mutual understanding and good-will among all those sections in the industry which participate in the process of production. To avoid industrial conflict or strife and develop harmonious relations, which arean essential factor in the productivity of workers and the industrial progress of a country. To eliminate, as far as is possible and practicable, strikes, lockouts and by providing reasonable wages, improved living and working conditions, said fringe benefits. Improvements in the economic conditions of workers in the existing state of industrial managements and political government. Economic satisfaction of workers: Psychologists recognize that human needs have a certain priority. Need number one is the basic survival need. Much of men conducted are dominated by this need. Man works because he wants to survive. This is all the more for underdeveloped countries where workers are still living under subsistence conditions. Hence economic satisfaction of workers is another important prerequisite for good industrial relations. Off-the-job conditions: An employer employs a whole person rather than certain separate characteristics. A persons traits are all part of one system making up a whole man. His home life is not separable from his work life and his emotional condition is not separate from his physical condition. Hence for good industrial relations it is not enough that the workers factory life alone should be taken care of his off-the-job conditions should also be improved to make the industrial relations better. Enlightened trade unions: The most important condition necessary for good industrial relations is a strong and enlightened labor movement which may help to romote the status of labor without harming the interests of management, Unions should talk of employee contribution and responsibility. Unions should exhort workers to produce more, persuade management to pay more, mobilize public opinion on vital labor issues and help Government to enact progressive labor laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiating Skills And Attitudes Of Management And Workers: Both management and workers representation in the area of industrial relations come from a great variety of backgrounds in terms of training, education, experience andattitudes. These varying backgrounds playa major role in shaping the character of industrial relations. Generally speaking, well-trained and experienced negotiators who are motivated by a desire for industrial peace create a bargaining atmosphere conducive to the writing of a just and equitable collective agreement. On the other hand, ignorant, inexperienced and ill-trained persons fail because they do not recognize that collective bargaining is a difficult human activity which deals as much in the emotions of people as in their economic interests. It requires careful preparation and top -notch executive competence. It is not usually accomplishedby some easy trick or gimmick. Parties must have trust and confidence in each other. Ø SETTLEMENT MACHINERIES CONCILIATION : It is a peace making process in an organization. A conciliator contacts both the parties by separate meetings and jointly through joint conference. The parties mayor may not accept his suggestions. ARBITRATION: If the parties are not satisfied with the decision of the conciliation machinery then a third party interference known as Arbitrator is introduced. There are two types of Arbitrations they are Voluntary Arbitration Compulsory Arbitration ADJUDICATION: It is the last remedial step for the settlement of Industrial Disputes. In RSP the disputes are sent to the adjudicative authorities by the appropriate govt. after proper examination and verification such as: Labour courts call the cases mentioned in the schedule of Industrial Dispute Act. Industrial Tribunals call the cases mentioned in schedule of Industrial Dispute Act. The above mentioned characteristics are very important for an organization to avoid any kind of industrial disputes, which leads to the strikes and lockouts, in some cases which even leads to the closure of the organization. It is very difficult to maintain perfect industrial relations. Now many organizations focus and invest huge money to enhance their human resource management team, and it is extremely important for the HR department to work out with the industrial relations with some innovative ideas. And the organization which has a efficient HR policies has a unique competitive advantage over their competitors. Now being a part of the HR team, iam going to explain the ways or procedures that a HR team is going to perform for the better industrial relations to avoid any kind of disputes or impasse, within a particular organization. Progressive HR Management Outlook. There should be progressive outlook of the HR management of each industrial enterprise. It should be conscious of its obligations and responsibilities to the owners of the business, the employees, the consumers and the nation. The HR policies must recognize the rights of workers to organize unions to protect their economic and social interests. Ensure workers Participation in Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The participation of workers in the management of the industrial unit should be encouraged by making effective use of works committees, joint consultation and other methods. This will improve communication between managers and workers, increase productivity and lead to greater effectiveness. Creating a collective bargaining :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collective bargaining is process of joint decision making and basically represents a democratic way of life in industry. It is the process of negotiation between firms and workers representatives for the purpose of establishing mutually agreeable conditions of employment. It is a technique adopted by two parties to reach an understanding acceptable to both through the process of discussion and negotiation. The HR department shoule make sure that the collective bargaining agreement with the collective bargsining council has the following mandatory items, Wages Hours of work Incentive pay Overtime Layoff and recall procedures Union security clauses Management rights clauses Grievance procedures Seniority Safety Ø CONCLUSION For this essay it is clear the both management and labor use strikes and lockouts as a anti-impasse weapons according to their situation (not always). In some cases as discussed in the essay both labor and management has used strike and lockouts as a bailout option. This situation will change if the management and the labors have a good relationship and a clear collective bargaining agreement. Thus the organization must concentrate on the HR policies and find ways to properly implement the polices, to gain a strong industrial relations which gets the competitive advantage for the organization. Ø BIBLOGRAPHY A.M. Sharma, Industrial Relation R. Allen and T. Keaveny, 1988, Contemporary Labor Relations, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Sisson, k and storey, j (2000) The Realities of Human Resource Management, open university press http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8296660.stm (10-12-09) http://www.kelkoo.co.uk/co_17062-kelkoo-press-release-strike-costs-40-million.html (10-12-09) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8320025.stm (10-12-09) http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/lockout.html (15-12-09) http://libcom.org/news/article.php/tea-garden-lockout-180206 (09-12-09)